Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, also popularly known as 'Santa's ninth reindeer', is a 20th century reindeer created by Robert Lewis May.Rudolph is usually depicted as the lead reindeer pulling Santa's sleigh on Christmas Eve, though he is a young buck who has only adolescent antlers and a glowing red nose. When he is beaten in the reindeer games by his rival for a doe he fancies, Rudolph runs away and moves into a cave with Slyly the Fox. However can he overcome his fear and reach his true potential. Keywords: the movie rudolph the red nosed reindeer.

Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie is a 1998 American Christmas animatedadventuremusical film about the character of the same name, who first appeared in a 1939 story by Robert L. May. The film was the first theatrical feature from GoodTimes Entertainment, long known as a home video company.^[5] It stars Kathleen Barr as the voice of the titular Rudolph, and also features celebrity talents including John Goodman, Eric Idle, Cathy Weseluck, Whoopi Goldberg, Debbie Reynolds, Richard Simmons and Bob Newhart. ^[6] The film disappointed at the box-office, recouping only $113,484 of its $10 million budget from its theatrical release. ^[7]

Plot[edit]

One night, the Sprites of the Northern Lights - a group of singing sprites who fly around the North Pole - witness the birth of a baby reindeer named Rudolph, who has an unusual red, shiny nose. Later, Rudolph and his parents, Blitzen and Mitzi, meet up with Rudolph's three uncles - Dasher, Comet, and Cupid. Cupid tickles Rudolph and triggers his glowing nose, which draws attention and causes Rudolph to be mocked. Meanwhile, two of Santa Claus's elves, Doggle and Boone, cross the ice bridge of the wicked Ice Queen, Stormella, accidentally destroying several ice statues while delivering Santa's mail. When Stormella finds out, she demands Santa hand them over to her. When he refuses, she closes her bridge as punishment and warns that if anyone crosses it, she will create a blizzard so strong it will stop Santa from delivering presents to children around the world on Christmas Eve.

A year later, Rudolph starts school, where he is ridiculed by everyone including his mean-spirited cousin and Cupid's son, Arrow for wanting to be among Santa's reindeer, the Flyers, just like his own father, despite his nose. The only ones who don't tease him are his teacher, Mrs. Prancer and Zoey, a kind young doe who Rudolph has a crush on. After running away from school, Santa Claus meets Rudolph and reassures him that his nose is grand and that to be a Flyer, a reindeer needs to have a true heart, a trait that he sees in Rudolph.

Years later, a teenage Rudolph takes part in the Junior Reindeer Games, for selecting new Flyers for Santa. During a sleigh race event, Arrow (who is in a relationship with Zoey) causes the other competitors to crash and then tries to distract Rudolph by claiming that Zoey is only nice to him because she pities him, making Rudolph's nose glow in anger and accidentally blind Arrow. Though Rudolph wins, he is unjustly disqualified for blinding Arrow and Arrow wins by default. Zoey angrily confronts Arrow and ends their relationship. As Blitzen tries to defend his son's actions, an eavesdropping Rudolph misinterprets his father's statements as an admission of shame towards him, and decides to run away from home.

At night, unknowingly with the help and guidance of the Sprites, Rudolph journeys across the North Pole, and eventually befriends an Arctic fox named Slyly and later, a polar bear named Leonard. Meanwhile, Zoey learns that Rudolph ran away from home, and runs off to search for him. She eventually comes across Stormella's bridge the next morning and decides to cross it despite the consequences. However, she is caught and imprisoned by Stormella. Santa sends Boone and Doggle to search for Rudolph and Zoey. Rudolph meets the Sprites, who teach him how to use his nose properly and inform him of Zoey's capture. Rudolph, Leonard, and Slyly journey to Stormella's castle, but upon arrival, Slyly stays behind out of fear of Stormella's pet wolves while Rudolph and Leonard enter.

After Rudolph and Leonard are captured and imprisoned by Stormella, she unleashes a massive blizzard upon the North Pole. After Stormella goes to sleep, Slyly, having gained some courage, sneaks into her bedroom and retrieves a key that unlocks the prison cells. However, Stormella wakes up, realizes this, and sends her pack of wolves after Rudolph and his friends, who eventually corner them on a cliff. When she threatens to freeze Zoey first, Rudolph uses his nose to blind Stormella, sending her toppling over the cliff and hanging on for dear life. Rudolph and the others then save Stormella, and she gratefully offers to grant him a wish. Much to the Ice Queen's dismay, Rudolph wishes that Stormella would be nice.

Though the wish takes full effect, Stormella is unable to stop the snowstorm that she created. Boone and Doggle later find and bring the entire group back to Santa's Village. Because of the blizzard, Santa is unable to carry out his flight this year, but when he sees Rudolph's glowing nose, Santa asks him to lead his team of Flyers while officially appointing him a true Flyer as well. Rudolph guides Santa's sleigh through the storm, and receives a hero's welcome when he returns.

Cast[edit]

• Kathleen Barr as Rudolph and Twinkle
  • Michael Lloyd provides Rudolph's singing voice ^[8]
  • Eric Pospisil as Young Rudolph
• John Goodman as Santa Claus
• Eric Idle as Slyly the Arctic fox
• Bob Newhart as Leonard the polar bear
• Myriam Sirois as Zoey (Rudolph's friend and love interest), Glitter, and Schoolroom Doe
  • Debbie Lytton provides Zoey's singing voice ^[9]
  • Vanessa Morley as Young Zoey
• Whoopi Goldberg as Stormella
  • Carmen Twillie provides Stormella's singing voice ^[10]
• Garry Chalk as Blitzen (Rudolph's father)
• Debbie Reynolds as Mitzi (Rudolph's mother), Mrs. Claus, and Mrs. Prancer
• Richard Simmons as Boone
• Alec Willows as Doggle and Prancer
• Lee Tockar as Ridley, Vixen, and Milo
• Matt Hill as Arrow (Cupid's son and Rudolph's cousin and rival) and Donner
  • Christopher Gray as Young Arrow
• Elizabeth Carol Savenkoff as Aurora
• Cathy Weseluck as Sparkle
• Paul Dobson as Dasher (Rudolph and Arrow's uncle)
• Terry Klassen as Dancer
• Colin Murdock as Comet (Rudolph and Arrow's uncle)
• David Kaye as Cupid (Arrow's father and Rudolph's uncle)
• Tyler Thomson as Schoolroom Buck

Reception[edit]

Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie received mixed reviews. Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 40% approval rating, based on 5 reviews. The audience gave a more positive score of 59%.^[11]

Books[edit]

In 1998, four books based on the film were released.

• Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: A Retelling of the New Animated Movie, which was based on the film's plot. ^[12]
• Rudolph Save the Sprites, which served as a sequel and saw Rudolph and Zoey search for the missing Sprites of the Northern Lights.
• Rudolph's Special Day in Santa's Workshop, which features an infant Rudolph getting a tour of Santa's Workshop.
• Christmas Town: Rudolph's Sing-A-Long Book, featuring lyrics to the film's songs.

References[edit]

1. ^Variety
2. ^Soundtrack.net
3. ^Amazon.com:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer - The Movie
4. ^'Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie'. The Numbers. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
5. ^Roman, Monica (1997-04-07). 'Rudolph to shine on bigscreen'. Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
6. ^TCM.com
7. ^Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1998)-Financial Information
8. ^Soundtrack on Internet Archive
9. ^Soundtrack on Internet Archive
10. ^Soundtrack on Internet Archive
11. ^'Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie'. Rotten Tomatoes. 16 October 1998. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
12. ^Rudolph the red-nosed reindeer : a retelling of the new animated movie-Internet Archive

External links[edit]

• Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie on IMDb
• Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie at Rotten Tomatoes
• Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie on Moviefone

Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, also popularly known as 'Santa's ninth reindeer', is a 20th century reindeer created by Robert Lewis May. Rudolph is usually depicted as the lead reindeer pulling Santa's sleigh on Christmas Eve, though he is a young buck who has only adolescent antlers and a glowing red nose. Though he receives ridicule for it, the luminosity of his nose is so great that it illuminates the team's path through harsh winter weather.

Rudolph first appeared in a 1939 booklet written by Robert L. May and published by Montgomery Ward, the department store.^[1][2][3]

The story is owned by The Rudolph Company, LP and has been adapted and shaped in numerous forms including a popular song, the iconic 1964 television special and sequels, and a feature film and sequel.^[4] Character Arts, LLC manages the licensing for the Rudolph Company, LP. In many countries, Rudolph has become a figure of Christmas folklore. 2014 marked the 75th anniversary of the character^[5] and the 50th anniversary of the television special.^[6] A series of postage stamps featuring Rudolph was issued by the United States Postal Service on November 6, 2014.^[7]

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• 3In media
• 4Homages in media
• 5Relatives in different adaptations

Publication history[edit]

Rudolph The Red Nosed Reindeer Full Movie

Robert L. May created Rudolph in 1939 as an assignment for Chicago-based Montgomery Ward. The retailer had been buying and giving away coloring books for Christmas every year and it was decided that creating their own book would save money. Robert May considered naming the reindeer 'Rollo' or 'Reginald' before deciding upon using the name 'Rudolph'.^[8] In its first year of publication, Montgomery Ward distributed 2.4 million copies of Rudolph's story.^[9] The story is written as a poem in anapestic tetrameter, the same meter as 'A Visit from St. Nicholas' (also known as 'Twas the Night Before Christmas').^{[citation needed]} Publication and reprint rights for the book Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer are controlled by Pearson PLC.^{[citation needed]}

While May was pondering how best to craft a Christmas story about a reindeer, while staring out his office window in downtown Chicago, a thick fog from Lake Michigan blocked his view—giving him a flash of inspiration. 'Suddenly I had it!' he recalled. 'A nose! A bright red nose that would shine through fog like a spotlight.'^[10]

The cultural significance of a red nose has changed since the story's publication. In 1930s popular culture, a bright red nose was closely associated with chronic alcoholism and drunkards, so the story idea was initially rejected. May asked his illustrator friend at Montgomery Ward, Denver Gillen, to draw 'cute reindeer', using zoo deer as models. The alert, bouncy character Gillen developed convinced management to support the idea.^[11]

Maxton Books published the first mass-market edition of Rudolph in 1947^{[citation needed]} and a sequel, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Shines Again, in 1954.^{[citation needed]} In 1992, Applewood Books published Rudolph's Second Christmas, an unpublished sequel that Robert May wrote in 1947.^{[citation needed]} In 2003, Penguin Books issued a reprint version of the original Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer with new artwork by Lisa Papp.^{[citation needed]} Penguin also reprinted May's sequels, Rudolph Shines Again and Rudolph's Second Christmas (now retitled Rudolph to the Rescue).^[12]

Story[edit]

The story chronicles the experiences of Rudolph, a youthful reindeer buck (male) who possesses an unusual luminous red nose. Mocked and excluded by his peers because of this trait, Rudolph proves himself one Christmas Eve with poor visibility due to inclement weather after Santa Claus catches sight of Rudolph's nose and asks Rudolph to lead his sleigh for the evening. Rudolph agrees and is finally favored by his fellow reindeer for his heroism and accomplishment.

In media[edit]

Theatrical cartoon short (1948)[edit]

Rudolph made his first screen appearance in 1948, in a cartoon short produced by Max Fleischer for the Jam Handy Corporation that was more faithful to May's original story than Marks' song, which had not yet been written.^[13] It was reissued in 1951 with the song added.^[13]

Song (1949)[edit]

May's brother-in-law, Johnny Marks, adapted the story of Rudolph into a song. Gene Autry's recording of the song hit No. 1 on the Billboard pop singles chart the week of Christmas 1949. Autry's recording sold 2.5 million copies the first year, eventually selling a total of 25 million, and it remained the second best-selling record of all time until the 1980s.^[14]

Comic books (beginning in 1950)[edit]

DC Comics, then known as National Periodical Publications, published a series of 13 annuals titled Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer from 1950 to 1962.^[15][16] Rube Grossman drew most of the 1950s stories.^[17]

In 1972, DC Comics published a 14th edition in an extra-large format. Subsequently, they published six more in that format: Limited Collectors' Edition C-24, C-33, C-42, C-50^[18] and All-New Collectors' Edition C-53, C-60.^[19]

Additionally, one digest format edition was published as The Best of DC #4 (March–April 1980).^[20] The 1970s Rudolph stories were written and drawn by Sheldon Mayer.^[21][22]

Rudolph The Red Nosed Reindeer Movie 1964 Download

Children's book (1958)[edit]

In 1958, Little Golden Books published an illustrated storybook, adapted by Barbara Shook Hazen and illustrated by Richard Scarry. The book, similar in story to the Max Fleischer cartoon short, is no longer in print, but a revised Little Golden Books version of the storybook was reissued in 1972.^[23]

Stop-motion animation television special (1964) and sequels (1976–79)[edit]

Rudolph 1964 Full Movie

Perhaps the most well-known version of all the Rudolph adaptations is the Rankin/Bass version of 1964.^{[citation needed]} Filmed in Tokyo, Japan, with all sound recordings done in Toronto, Canada, the show premiered on NBC. As the producers of the special only had the song as source material and did not have a copy of the original book, they interpolated an original story around the central narrative of the song, one that differed from the book. This re-telling chronicles Rudolph's social rejection among his peers and his decision to run away from home. Rudolph is accompanied by a similarly outcast elf named Hermey, who skipped elf practice to become a dentist, along with a loud, boisterous, eager prospector named Yukon Cornelius who was in search of wealth. Additional original characters include Rudolph's love interest, Clarice; the antagonistic 'Abominable Snow Monster'; and, as narrator, Sam the living Snowman, voiced by Burl Ives.

In the 1964 stop-motion movie, Rudolph is born to Donner the Reindeer and Donner's wife. He is discovered by Santa to have a shiny, glowing red nose. Donner, regardless of Rudolph's defect, trains him to be a normal reindeer with skills such as gathering food and hiding from the 'Abominable Snow Monster', a giant, furry white beast. To hide Rudolph's nose, Donner puts dirt on it to cover it with a black coating. This causes Rudolph to talk in a funny accent, as told by the Rudolph's peers. A short time later, Rudolph joins his peers at the Reindeer Games, where he meets Fireball, who is initially friendly and has a shock of strawberry blond hair on his head, and Clarice, a female spectator who takes a liking to Rudolph. Clarice's flirtation inspires Rudolph to perform better than all of his peers at flying, but in his excitement he knocks the black cover off his nose, revealing a red glow that causes Fireball and the others to turn against him; this distraction, in turn, prompts the coach (Comet) to ban Rudolph from the Reindeer Games. Clarice remains loyal to him, only to be ordered by her father not to shame the family by associating with 'a red-nosed reindeer.'

Rudolph soon runs into Hermey, an elf who was forced out of his job at the North Pole's toy factory; Hermey showed a total lack of interest in the toymaking and singing aspects of being an elf and instead wanted to pursue dentistry. They come to the conclusion that they're both misfits and decide to run away together. On their aimless journey, they run into Yukon Cornelius, the self-described 'greatest prospector of the North' who nevertheless seems to never find any silver or gold, and attempt to stay away from the Bumble, a huge abominable snow monster. Their journey leads them to the Island of Misfit Toys, where sentient but unorthodox toys go when they are abandoned by their owners. King Moonracer, the winged lion that lords over the Island, refuses to let them stay there permanently, instead telling the trio to return home and tell Santa Claus of the toys' plight, in exchange for one night's stay on the island. Rudolph refuses the offer and, fearing for his friends' life, runs off alone.

Rudolph 1998 Full Movie

A now older Rudolph, still unable to find a place in the world, returns home to the North Pole, only to find that his family and Clarice had left to look for him and are now about to be eaten by the Bumble. With the help of Hermey and Yukon (who arrived separately), they lure the Bumble away and pacify him by knocking him unconscious and allowing Hermey (with dental skills he has acquired by reading books) to remove his sharp teeth. Everyone eventually returns to Santa's workshop, where a dismayed Santa Claus breaks the bad news that the weather is too bad to take the sleigh out and that Christmas would be canceled. Santa changes his mind when he notices Rudolph's red nose and asks Rudolph to lead the sleigh team, which he happily accepts.

After the story's initial broadcast, its closing credits were revised. Images of wrapped presents being dropped from Santa's sleigh were replaced by a scene in which Santa stops to pick up the Misfit Toys and delivers them to the homes of children below via umbrellas (with the exception of the misfit toy bird that swims but doesn't fly who is dropped to its destruction). The changes were prompted by viewer feedback pleading for a happy ending for each toy. The special now airs annually on CBS, rather than NBC, and is hailed as a classic by many. The special's original assortment of characters have acquired iconic status, and an uncertainty surrounding an error in the special's copyright has allowed the special to be widely parodied and imitated in the decades since its original airing.

The success of the special led to two sequels Rudolph's Shiny New Year (premier air date December 10, 1976) which continued the reindeer's journeys, and the series was made into a trilogy with the 1979 feature-length film Christmas in July, which integrated the Rudolph universe into that of Rankin/Bass's adaptation of Frosty the Snowman.

Animated feature-length films[edit]

Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie (1998) is an animated feature film. It received only a limited theatrical release before debuting on home video. Its inclusion of a villain, a love interest, a sidekick, and a strong protector are more derivative of the Rankin/Bass adaptation of the story than the original tale and song (the characters of Stormella, Zoey, Arrow, Slyly, and Leonard parallel the Rankin/Bass characters of the Bumble, Clarice, Fireball, Hermey, and Yukon, respectively). The movie amplifies the early backstory of Rudolph's harassment by his schoolmates (primarily his cousin Arrow) during his formative years.

GoodTimes Entertainment, the producers of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie, brought back most of the same production team for a CGI animated sequel, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys (2001). Unlike the previous film, the sequel featured the original characters from the Rankin/Bass special (as GoodTimes soon learned that Rankin/Bass had made a copyright error that made the characters unique to their special free to use).

Other[edit]

A live-action version of Rudolph (complete with glowing nose) along with Donner and Blitzen appears in the Doctor Who Christmas special, 'Last Christmas' which was broadcast on BBC One on 25 December 2014.^[24] In this special, Santa is able to park him like a car and turn off his nose.

Nathaniel Dominy, an anthropology professor at Dartmouth College (Robert L. May's alma mater), published a scholarly paper on Rudolph's red nose in the open access online journal Frontiers for Young Minds in 2015. In the paper, Dominy noted that reindeer eyes can perceive shorter wavelengths of light than humans, allowing them to see ultraviolet light; ultraviolet light, however, is much more easily scattered in fog, which would blind reindeer. Thus, Rudolph's red nose, emitting longer-wavelength red light, would penetrate the fog more easily. A summary of Dominy's findings was released in an Associated Press article on December 22.^[25]

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Cast and characters[edit]

Homages in media[edit]

Film[edit]

• In the film remake of Dr. Seuss's How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000), The Grinch disguises his dog, Max, as Rudolph for his plan to disguise himself as Santa Claus and steal everything in each house in Whoville, to stop Christmas from coming. He also changes Rudolph's story saying, he hates Christmas and is gonna steal it. He then yells 'Action!' through a megaphone. But Max takes off the fake red nose the Grinch had put on him.
• In the film Fred Claus (2007), Rudolph is mentioned and briefly seen, although his red nose is not glowing. During a fly-by shot of Fred (Vince Vaughn) piloting Nick's sleigh, Rudolph can be seen, and nine reindeer can be counted.
  • In the same film, a billboard advertisement for Pepsi Cola, which features Rudolph, can be seen as Fred crashes through it.

Games[edit]

• Rudolph is mentioned in the video game Army of Two (2008) during a tutorial video about the use of the game's Aggro feature.
• In Guild Wars Nightfall (2006), player characters are accompanied by a reindeer named Rudy whose nose begins to glow red when coming into range of presents that the player is tasked to find in a holiday themed quest.

Also a video game by High Voltage Software

Music[edit]

• Rudolph is mentioned in the Beach Boys' song 'Little Saint Nick' (1963) in the following lyric: 'Now haulin' through the snow at a frightening speed with a half a dozen deer with Rudy to lead.'^[26]
• 'Run Rudolph Run' (1958) is a Christmas song popularized by Chuck Berry and written by Johnny Marks and Marvin Brodie and published by St. Nicholas Music (ASCAP). The song was released as a single on Chess Records (label no. 1714) and has since been covered by numerous other artists, sometimes under the title 'Run, Run, Rudolph'. The song is a 12-bar blues and has a clear musical parallel to Chuck Berry's popular and recognizable song, 'Johnny B. Goode' (1958);^{[citation needed]} it is also melodically identical to Berry's 'Little Queenie' (1959).^{[citation needed]}
• In Ray Stevens' novelty song 'Santa Claus Is Watching You' (1962), Rudolph is replaced on Santa's team by 'Clyde the Camel', a character from Steven's earlier hit, 'Ahab the Arab'. In the original version, aimed at children in a similar fashion to 'Santa Claus Is Coming to Town', Rudolph was said to be recuperating from an injury sustained during 'a twist contest'; a later version, warning a lover away from infidelity because Santa is watching, has Rudolph on a 'stakeout at (the lover's) house'.

Television and webisodes[edit]

• In the Doctor Who promotional mini-webisode, 'Songtaran Carols' (2012), the Sontaran warrior-nurse-detective, Strax, stated: 'Rudolph the red-nosed reindeer, had a very shiny nose. It proved to be a tactical disadvantage, because it enabled me to punch him in the dark.'
• Rudolph along with Donder and Blitzen appear in the Doctor Who Christmas special, Last Christmas.
• The anime and manga series One Piece has a main character called Tony Tony Chopper, a shapeshifter born on Christmas Eve, who was often discriminated against because of his blue nose. However his background and story is otherwise very different.
• MadTV featured Rudolph in a parody of the 1964 Rankin-Bass special called Raging Rudolph. Rudolph is beaten up for his red nose, and decides to get revenge on Santa Claus with Hermie the Elf by hiring Yukon Cornelius (a hitman in the special) to kill and decapitate Santa. Rudolph then takes over the North Pole. A sequel to the skit, The Reinfather, shows Rudolph exacting revenge for his hitman's death in a nod to The Godfather.

Relatives in different adaptations[edit]

Parents[edit]

• Robert L. May's original book does not name Rudolph's parents.
• The animated specials produced by both Rankin/Bass and GoodTimes Entertainment have given Rudolph different sets of parents:
  • In Rankin/Bass' holiday special, his father is Donner and his mother is a tan doe who is called Mrs. Donner.
  • In GoodTimes' retelling, Rudolph's father is Blitzen, and his mother is named Mitzi.
  • In the 2006 special Holidaze: The Christmas That Almost Didn't Happen, Rudolph's father is called Roger.

Offspring[edit]

Three BBC animations carry on the legend by introducing Rudolph's son, Robbie the Reindeer. However, Rudolph is never directly mentioned by name (references are replaced by the first and second films' villain Blitzen interrupting with the phrase, 'Don't say that name!', or something similar, presumably for copyright reasons.)

Siblings[edit]

Rudolph is also given a younger brother, Rusty Reindeer, in the American special, Holidaze: The Christmas That Almost Didn't Happen (2006). Like in the 'Robbie the Reindeer' cartoons, Rudolph's name is not said in the film nor does he make a physical appearance. However, he does appear on a poster and one scene in the film shows a cardboard cutout and toys of Rudolph. Unlike previous versions of the character, this Rudolph has a black nose, which is only red when lit up.

Michael Fry and T. Lewis have given Rudolph another brother in a series of Over the Hedgecomic strips: an overweight, emotionally damaged reindeer named Ralph, the Infra-Red nosed Reindeer, who is referred to as Rudolph's older brother. Ralph's red nose is good for defrosting Santa's sleigh and warming up toast and waffles; he enviously complains about his brother Rudolph's publicity and his own anonymity.

Aunts, uncles, and cousins[edit]

• Rudolph has a cousin, Leroy, in Joe Diffie's 1995 song, 'Leroy the Redneck Reindeer' (1995), which tells the story of Leroy's joining the sleigh team to substitute for Rudolph, who was ill.
• In GoodTimes' retelling, three of Santa's reindeer (Dasher, Comet, and Cupid) are his uncles, and Cupid's son Arrow is Rudolph's cousin and rival.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^Mikkelson, Barbara; Mikkelson, David P. (December 19, 2010). 'Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer'. Urban Legends Reference Pages. Snopes.com. Archived from the original on December 3, 2011. Retrieved December 2, 2011.
2. ^Ramer, Holly; Talbot, Toby (photo) (December 23, 2011). 'Scrapbook tells how Rudolph went down in history'. Hanover, NH. Associated Press. Retrieved December 23, 2011.
3. ^Kim, Wook (December 17, 2012). 'Yule Laugh, Yule Cry: 10 Things You Didn't Know About Beloved Holiday Songs'. Time. Archived from the original on December 21, 2014.
4. ^Whipp, Deborah. 'The History of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer'. Altogether Christmas.
5. ^Parrella, Andrew (December 18, 2014). 'From The Archives: Rudolph Turns 75'. New Hampshire Public Radio. Archived from the original on December 24, 2014.
6. ^'Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer celebrates 50th anniversary'. CBS News. December 9, 2014. Archived from the original on December 10, 2014.
7. ^'Rudolph all red-nosed over stamp of approval'. United States Postal Service. November 6, 2014. Archived from the original on December 24, 2014. Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, the nation’s longest-running and highest-rated Christmas television special 'went down in history' to receive its stamp of approval today. The set of four Limited Edition Forever stamps depicting Rudolph, Hermey, Santa and Bumble were created from still television frames from the special which premiered 50 years ago in 1964.
8. ^Historical Society]]|network=Wisconsin Public Television|airdate=December 12, 2010|minutes= 0:28}}
9. ^Moreau, Jennifer (December 24, 2010). 'Rudolph's Burnaby roots'. Burnaby Now. p. A11.
10. ^Powell, J. Mark. 'The Jewish man who created a Christmas classic'. Washington Examiner. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
11. ^Chow, Wanda (December 2010). 'How Rudolph the reindeer came to be'. Burnaby Now: A3.
12. ^'Rudolph's Second Christmas by May, Robert Lewis: Applewood Books, Old Saybrook 9781557091925 Hardcover, First Edition, First Printing. - primeeditions'. Abebooks.com. January 22, 2003. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
13. ^ ^ab'Library of Congress Unveils Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Restoration'. Animation World Network. December 18, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
14. ^Jackson, Kenneth T. Jackson; Markoe, Karen; Markoe, Arnie (1998). The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives. Simon and Schuster. p. 28.
15. ^Irvine, Alex (2010). '1950s'. In Dolan, Hannah (ed.). DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 65. ISBN978-0-7566-6742-9. DC began an annual tradition of producing a Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Christmas special. Following the success of the famous song (released in 1949), DC licensed the character and put Rudolph at the center of a series of lighthearted adventures...The Christmas Special would continue until 1962, and then return from 1972–1977.
16. ^Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer at the Grand Comics Database and Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Annual at the Grand Comics Database
17. ^Markstein, Don. 'Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer'. Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on December 4, 2011. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
18. ^Limited Collectors' Edition #C-20, #C-24, #C-33, #C-42, and #C-50 at the Grand Comics Database
19. ^All-New Collectors' Edition #C-53 and #C-60 at the Grand Comics Database
20. ^'The Best of DC #4 (March–April 1980)'. Grand Comics Database.
21. ^Markstein, Don (2006). 'Sheldon Mayer'. Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on December 3, 2011. Retrieved December 3, 2011. [Mayer] also worked on several tabloid-formatted comic books for DC in the mid-1970s, including the company's first use of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer since the early 60s.
22. ^Arnold, Mark (December 2012). 'You Know Dasher and Dancer: Rudolph The Red-Nosed Reindeer'. Back Issue!. TwoMorrows Publishing (61): 7–10.
23. ^Hazen, Barbara Shook; May, Robert L. (1972). Rudolph The Red-nosed Reindeer - A Golden Book. Richard Scarry (9th ed.). Golden Press.
24. ^'Doctor Who'. BBC. December 12, 2014. Archived from the original on December 21, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2014. In the North Pole the Doctor and Clara are joined by a familiar figure… and his reindeer!
25. ^Ramer, Holly (December 22, 2015). 'Rudolph's shiny red nose may be tied to eyes that glow blue'. Associated Press. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
26. ^''Little Saint Nick' Lyrics'. Lyricsfreak.com. n.d. Archived from the original on December 10, 2014.

External links[edit]

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• Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer on IMDb
• Rudolph The Red-Nosed Reindeer (Jam Handy) at The Big Cartoon DataBase
• Rudolph The Red-Nosed Reindeer (Rankin/Bass) at The Big Cartoon DataBase

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